TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents pages
Cover page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Table of content
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Tables
CHAPTER ONE
Itroduction 1
1.1 Justification 3
1.2 Objectives 4
1.3 Aim
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 Pesticide
2.1.1 Uses of pesticides
2.1.2 Types of Pesticides
2.1.3 Cypermethrin
2.1.3.1 Mechanism of Action of Cypermethrin
2.2 Medicinal Plants/ Folk Medicine/ Tradomedicine
2.2.1 Jatropha gossypifolia
2.2.2 Scientific Classification of Jtropha gossypifolia
2.2.3 Uses of Jatropha gossypifolia
2.2.3.1 Non-Medical Uses of Jatropha gossypifolia
2.2.4 Chemical Constituents of Jatropha gossypifolia
2.2.5 Some Pharmacological Studies of Jatropha gossypifolia
2.2.5.1 Insecticidal Activity of Jatropha gossypifolia
2.2.5.2 Haemostatic actiyity of stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia
2.2.5.3 Hepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifolia
2.2.5.4 Anticoagulant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia
2.3 Antioxidants
2.3.1 Classification of Antioxidants
2.3.1.1 Natural Antioxidant
2.3.1.2 Synthetic antioxidants
2.3.2 Types of Antioxidants
2.3.2.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants
2.3.2.2 Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
2.3.2.5 Side Effects and Toxicity oof Alpha-Lipoic Acid
2.4 Haematology
2.5 Blood
2.5.1 Functions of Blood
2.5.2.Constituents or Components of Blood
2.6 Blood Disorders
2.6.1 Anaemia
2.6.2 Bleeding Disorders
2.6.2.1 Acquired platelet fuction defects
2.6.2.2 Congenital Platelet Function Defect
2.6.2.3 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
2.6.2.4 Factor II Deficiency
2.6.2.5 Factor V Deficiency
2.6.2.6 Factor XII
2.6.2.7 Glanzmann Disease
2.6.2.8 Haemophilia A and Haemophilia B
2.6.3 Blood and Cancers
2.6.3.1 Leukemia
2.6.3.2 Lymphoma
2.6.3.3 Myeloma
2.7 Test Carried out in Haematology Department
2.7.1 Complete Blood Count
2.7.1.1 Parameter
2.8 Cytology
2.9 The Female Rat Reproductive Cycle
2.9.1 Staging the Cycle
2.9.1.1 Diestrus
2.9.1.2 Proestrus
2.9.1.3 Estrus
2.9.2 The Cycle in Aging Rats
2.9.2.1 Persistent Estrus
2.9.2.2 Repetitive Pseudopregnancy
2.9.2.3 Persistent Anestrus
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method
3.1 Equipments and Reagents
3.2 Plant material
3.2.1 Methanolic Extraction of Jatropha gossypifolia
3.3 Experimental Animals
3.4 Experimental Design
3.4.1 Body weight changes
3.4.2 Sample Collection
3.5 Hematology
3.5.1 Packed Cell Volume
3.5.2 Haemoglobin Estimation
3.5.3 Leukocyte Estimation
3.5.4 Erythrocyte Estimation
3.5.5 Differential Count
3.6 Cytology
3.7 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
Appendix
ABSTRACT
Cypermethrin (Cyp), a synthetic pyrethroid developed for agricultural and public health applications has become harmful to the environment and mammalian life owing to indiscriminate uses. This study investigated the ameliorative effects of the methanolic leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia (JG) on cypermethrin-induced alterations on the haematological status and estrous cycle of female wistar rats. Eighty female wistar rats were divided into ten groups of eight animals each and subjected to various treatments: sixty days of cytology and thirty days of oral administration. Group 1 was given corn oil only. Group 2was administered with cypermethrin (20 mg/kg) only. Group 3, 4, 5 and 6 were co-administered with cyp+JG50 mg/kg, cyp+JG100 mg/kg, cyp+ALA50 mg/kg and cyp+VC50 mg/kg respectively. Group 7, 8, 9 and 10 were given only JG50 mg/kg, JG100 mg/kg, ALA50 mg/kg and VC50 mg/kg respectively. Vaginal smears were collected from each rats and viewed under a light microscope before and during the period of administration. The animals were sacrificed after the 28th day. The whole blood was collected and used for haematological analyses. Results obtained from this study showed that cypermethrin administration significantly (p<0.05) decreased concentration of RBC, HCT and HGB; WBC, LYM and %LYM; and PLT, while it significantly increased MCH, MCHC and MCV; and RDW_CV. Co-administration with the methanolic leaf extract of JG, ALA and VC were able to attenuate the adverse effects of cypermethrin exposure. Groups administered with only the plant extract, ALA and VC were therapeutically safe at some of the dose under study. The result also showed alterations in the reproductive (estrous) cycle of the rats upon administration of all the above mentioned substances. It can be concluded from this study that the methanolic leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia and ALA protects against haematological alterations only but not against alterations in the estrous cycle.
